kol l’formulat f sef7a wa7da
3lach had dars?
Ila 3endek ghi 10 de9ay9 9bel l’exam: 9ra ghi had sef7a.
Tenses (12 Formula)
- Present simple (7ader 3adi: 3ada): V / V+s — always, every day
- Present cont.: am/is/are + V-ING — now, look!
- Present perfect (7ader tamm): have/has + V3 — since, for, yet, ever
- Past simple (madi: lbare7): V2 / V+ed — yesterday, ago, last
- Past cont.: was/were + V-ING — while, at 8 p.m.
- Past perfect (madi 9bel madi): had + V3 — before, after, by the time
- Future: will + V | going to + V — tomorrow, next
- Neg: don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + V (base!)
PASSIVE (l’majhoul) = TO BE + V3
- Present: is/are + V3 | past: was/were + V3
- Pres.cont: is/are being + V3 | past cont: was/were being + V3
- Pres.perf: has/have been + V3 | past perf: had been + V3
- Future: will be + V3 | modal (verb l’imkan): can/must/should be + V3
- V3 ma kaytbeddelch. Bdel ghi to be.
REPORTED SPEECH (kalam man9oul) (KHTOUA L’ORA)
- Present→past | past→had+V3 | will→would | can→could | must→had to
- Now→then | today→that day | yesterday→the day before | tomorrow→the next day
- Here→there | this→that | ago→before
- Yes/no q: asked if + subject (li kaydir l’fi3l) + verb (l’fi3l) (bla do/did, bla ?)
- Order: told me to + V | negative (nafi: not): told me not to + V
CONDITIONALS (jomal chartiya: ila…)
- 0: if + present , present
- 1: if + present , will + V
- 2: if + past , would + V (if I were you…)
- 3: if + had + V3 , would have + V3
- Men be3d if ma kaynch will. Unless (ila ma…) = if…not
Wish
- 7ader: wish + past (I wish I had money)
- Madi: wish + had + V3 (I wish I had studied)
- Tghyir: wish + would + V (I wish he would stop)
Ing Wla to Wla Bla Walo
- ING: enjoy, avoid, mind, finish, stop, keep, suggest + kol preposition (7arf: in, on, at)
- To + V: want, need, decide, hope, promise, try, learn, refuse, agree
- Bla to: modals (verbat l’imkan) + make / let / had better / would rather
LINKING WORDS (kelmat r’rabt)
- 3aks: but, however, although+jomla, despite/in spite of+noun (ism / smiya)/ING, whereas
- Sabab: because/since/as+jomla | because of/due to+noun
- Nati7a: so, therefore, thus, as a result | so+adj+that | such a+noun+that
- Hadaf: to / in order to / so as to + V | so that + can/could
- Zyada: moreover, in addition, besides | mital: for example, such as
RELATIVE + MODALS (verbat l’imkan)
- Who=insan | which/that=7aja | whose=dyal | where=blasa | when=wa9t | why=sabab
- Must=darori | mustn’t=mamnou3 | don’t have to=machi darori
- Should=khassek | might=momkin | can’t be=mosta7il | must be=akid
- Should have+V3 = kan khassek w ma dertich